Symptoms

Abdominal pain is a common health issue that many people experience at some point in their lives. It refers to any discomfort felt between the chest and the pelvis. Abdominal pain is a sensation of discomfort or ache in the belly region. It can vary in intensity, ranging from mild cramping to severe, sharp pains. The abdomen houses various organs, including the stomach, intestines, liver, and gallbladder, so various factors can cause pain in this area. Understanding the causes and characteristics of abdominal pain can help individuals make informed decisions about seeking medical assistance.

Tumour markers are substances produce by healthy cells and cancer cells. Most healthy individuals have very low tumour markers in contrast to patients with tumor marker producing cancers whereby the levels can be elevated. While abnormal tumour markers may indicate an underlying cancer there are many other non-cancerous causes that can result in elevated tumour markers. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention when abnormal tumour markers are detected to evaluate the cause.

Acid reflux, also known as heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a condition where stomach acid travels upwards into the oesophagus. The oesophagus is the tube that connects our throat to the stomach. Normally, a muscular valve called the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) prevents the acid from moving up. When the LES becomes weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can escape into the oesophagus, leading to a burning sensation in the chest or throat. While occasional acid reflux is normal, persistent or severe cases may require medical attention. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and when to seek help can lead to better management and relief.

Anaemia is a condition that occurs when a person has lower than normal levels of red blood cells or haemoglobin in their blood. Red blood cells are crucial for transporting oxygen throughout the body. When there aren’t enough red blood cells or haemoglobin, organs and tissues, receive less oxygen, leading to various symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. In severe cases this can lead to a heart attack, stroke or death. Understanding anaemia and its causes can help individuals recognise its symptoms and seek timely medical assistance.

Belching is the release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. It is a common occurrence that everyone experiences from time to time. When we eat or drink, we also swallow air along with our food and beverages. This air can get trapped in the stomach, causing it to expand, leading to a feeling of fullness and discomfort. To relieve this pressure, the excess gas is released as a burp, helping to reduce the bloating sensation. While it may be embarrassing for some, understanding the causes and potential underlying issues can help manage and alleviate this discomfort.

Bloating is a common and uncomfortable condition that many people experience at some point in their lives. It refers to the feeling of fullness or swelling in the abdomen, often accompanied by gas and discomfort. Understanding the causes and symptoms of bloating can help individuals identify and address the underlying issues effectively.

Blood in stool refers to the presence of blood in bowel movements or faeces. The blood may be bright red, maroon, or black, depending on its origin in the digestive tract. Bright red blood typically comes from the lower part of the digestive system, such as the rectum or anus, while darker blood may indicate bleeding higher up in the intestines.

Change in bowel habits encompasses variations in how often you have bowel movements, the texture of your stool (e.g., hard, loose), and colour changes. These changes can be temporary or persistent, and they might be accompanied by other symptoms such as abdominal pain or bloating.

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon (large intestine) and rectum. Screening for colorectal cancer is a crucial preventive measure as it helps detect the disease early, when it is more treatable.

Constipation is a condition characterised by irregular bowel movements, typically fewer than three per week. During constipation, the stool becomes hard and dry, making it difficult to pass. This happens because the colon absorbs too much water from the stool, causing it to become compacted and slow-moving through the intestines.

Diarrhoea occurs when the digestive system is disrupted, leading to an increased frequency of bowel movements with loose, watery stools. This happens because the intestines cannot absorb water from the stool effectively. It can be an acute, short-term issue or a chronic condition lasting for weeks or longer.

Dysphagia refers to difficulties in swallowing food, liquids, or saliva. It can lead to discomfort, choking, and even potential aspiration, where food or liquid enters the airway instead of the oesophagus. It can be caused by numerous factors, making it crucial to recognise its signs and seek timely medical attention.

Family history plays a significant role in determining an individual’s risk of developing cancer. This is because our genes, inherited from our parents, can influence our susceptibility to certain types of cancer. Additionally, shared lifestyle habits and environmental factors within families can also contribute to the risk. Knowing one’s family history of cancer helps healthcare professionals identify individuals at higher risk and recommend appropriate screening and prevention strategies.

Gastric pain, commonly known as stomach pain, is a discomfort or ache in the abdominal region. It can feel like a dull ache, cramps, or a burning sensation and can range from mild to severe in intensity. Gastric pain can be caused by problems with the stomach itself or issues in nearby organs. Understanding the common causes and what it feels like, and when to seek medical help is crucial for managing gastric pain effectively.

Heartburn is a common digestive problem that many people experience at some point in their lives. It occurs when stomach acid flows back into the oesophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest and throat. Understanding the causes and symptoms of heartburn is crucial for managing and seeking appropriate medical help if needed.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterised by the yellowing of the skin and eyes. This happens when the liver cannot properly process bilirubin, a waste product formed when red blood cells break down. Instead of being eliminated, excess bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to yellow discolouration. Understanding jaundice is crucial as it can be a symptom of various underlying health issues.

Nausea is a queasy feeling in the stomach that often precedes vomiting. It’s a sensation that something is wrong within the body, making you feel like you might throw up. Vomiting, on the other hand, is the act of forcefully emptying the stomach contents through the mouth. The brain controls both of these responses and can be triggered by various internal and external factors. Various factors can cause these symptoms and may require medical attention depending on their severity and duration.

Rectal bleeding occurs when blood is discharged from the rectum through the anus. The blood may appear bright red or maroon and may be seen in the stool, on the toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement. It can be a distressing sight for individuals experiencing it and often prompts immediate concern. In many cases, rectal bleeding can be caused by minor issues that can be easily treated. However, it’s essential to know the potential underlying causes and seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and appropriate care.

Unexplained weight loss is when a person loses a significant amount of weight without making deliberate changes to their diet, exercise, or lifestyle. It typically occurs when the body loses more calories than it takes in, leading to a reduction in fat, muscle, or fluid.