What Is Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lining of the colon or large intestine. Over time, these cells can form a mass called a tumour, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the colon. It is a serious condition affecting people of all ages and backgrounds. If left untreated, colon cancer can spread to other body parts and become life-threatening. In this article, we will explore what causes colon cancer, its symptoms, methods of diagnosis, potential complications, and available treatments. Additionally, we will discuss ways to prevent colon cancer and important tips for individuals living with this condition.
What Causes Colon Cancer?
The exact cause of colon cancer is unclear, but several factors can increase the risk of developing it. Age, family history of colon cancer, certain genetic conditions, a diet high in red and processed meats, lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are some of the known risk factors for colon cancer.
What Are the Symptoms of Colon Cancer?
The symptoms of colon cancer can vary depending on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, colon cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, so regular screening is crucial for early detection. However, as the disease progresses, the following symptoms may occur:
- Changes in Bowel Habits – Persistent changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete bowel movements.
- Blood in the Stool – Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool may appear bright red or dark and tarry.
- Abdominal Discomfort – Cramps, pain, or a feeling of fullness or bloating in the abdomen.
- Unexplained Weight Loss – Significant and unexplained weight loss, even without trying to lose weight.
- Fatigue – Feeling unusually tired or weak, even with sufficient rest.
- Iron Deficiency Anemia – Low levels of red blood cells due to chronic bleeding can lead to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
How Is Colon Cancer Diagnosed?
Colon cancer can be diagnosed with a colonoscopy. The test help doctors visualise the colon and detect any abnormalities or tumours. If cancer is suspected, a biopsy may be performed to analyse the tissue sample under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
What Is Colon Cancer Screening?
Colon cancer screening is a preventive medical procedure to detect colon cancer or pre-cancerous abnormalities in the colon and rectum before they cause symptoms or become more advanced. The primary goal of screening is to identify the presence of early-stage cancer or pre-cancerous growths called polyps, which can be removed to prevent cancer development.
There are several methods used for colon cancer screening, including:
- Colonoscopy – This is considered the gold standard for colon cancer screening. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum and guided through the entire colon. The doctor can visualise the colon lining and remove any polyps or abnormal tissues for further examination.
- Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) and Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) – These are non-invasive tests that detect traces of blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colon cancer. FOBT uses a chemical reaction to detect blood, while FIT uses antibodies specific to human blood. Further evaluation, such as a colonoscopy, is recommended if blood is detected.
- Sigmoidoscopy – This test is similar to a colonoscopy however it examines only the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum.
- CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy) – A CT scan creates detailed images of the colon and rectum, which can be examined for abnormalities. A follow-up colonoscopy may be required if polyps or suspicious findings are detected.
The recommended screening method and frequency may vary based on age, family history, and personal risk factors. For most people at average risk, screening usually starts at 45-50. However, individuals with a family history of colon cancer or other risk factors may need to begin screening earlier and undergo more frequent screenings.
What Are the Complications of Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer can lead to several complications, especially if left untreated or the disease has advanced to later stages. Some of the potential complications of colon cancer include:
- Metastasis – If colon cancer is not diagnosed and treated early, cancer cells can spread (metastasise) to other body parts, such as the liver, lungs, or distant lymph nodes. Metastatic cancer is more challenging to treat and can significantly reduce the chances of successful recovery.
- Bowel Obstruction – As the tumour grows larger, it can obstruct or block the normal passage of stool through the colon. This can cause severe abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and vomiting.
- Bleeding – Colon cancer can cause bleeding within the colon, leading to blood in the stool or even occult (hidden) bleeding that may not be visible. Chronic bleeding can lead to iron deficiency anaemia, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
- Perforation – In some cases, the tumour may penetrate through the colon’s wall, leading to perforation. This medical emergency requires immediate attention, as it can cause severe abdominal pain, infection, and potentially life-threatening complications.
- Malnutrition and Weight Loss – Advanced colon cancer can interfere with the normal absorption of nutrients from food, leading to malnutrition and unintended weight loss.
- Impact on Quality of Life – Colon cancer and its treatments can significantly affect a person’s quality of life. Side effects of treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy may cause nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and other discomforts.
Can Colon Cancer be Prevented?
While preventing colon cancer entirely may not be possible, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk significantly. Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, moderating alcohol consumption, and attending regular screenings can play a vital role in preventing or detecting colon cancer at an early stage.
What Are the Medications for Colon Cancer?
Treating colon cancer often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells, while targeted therapy focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth. These treatments aim to shrink tumours, slow cancer progression, and improve the patient’s overall prognosis.
What Are the Surgical Interventions for Colon Cancer?
Surgery is a common treatment for colon cancer, especially in the early stages when the tumour is localised. The primary goal of surgery is to remove the tumour and a margin of healthy tissue around it. Sometimes, a portion of the colon may be removed, and the healthy ends are reconnected. In more advanced cases, a colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary, where an opening in the abdominal wall is created to allow waste to exit the body.
What Are the Tips and Precautions if Living with Colon Cancer?
Living with colon cancer can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Following the treatment plan recommended by healthcare professionals and attending regular follow-up appointments is crucial. Seeking support from family, friends, or support groups can also be helpful. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can improve overall well-being during the cancer journey.
