What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive condition that can result in abdominal discomfort/pain, bloating, constipation, diarrheoa, and irregular bowel movements. This syndrome is characterised by symptomatic rather than structural or physical abnormalities in the intestines. Although it is not a life threatening disorder it can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. Understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management options is essential for individuals living with IBS and those seeking to prevent it.
What Causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
The exact cause of IBS is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to its development. These include abnormal intestinal contractions, heightened sensitivity to pain in the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal inflammation, and changes in the gut microbiota. Psychological factors like stress and anxiety can also exacerbate IBS symptoms.
What Are the Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
The symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include:
- Abdominal Pain or Cramping – Recurrent pain or abdominal discomfort is a hallmark symptom of IBS. The pain is often relieved after a bowel movement.
- Bloating and Gas – Many individuals with IBS experience bloating and increased gas production, leading to a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.
- Diarrhoea – Some people with IBS have frequent episodes of loose or watery stools. This is known as IBS-D (IBS with diarrhoea).
- Constipation – Others may experience infrequent or difficult-to-pass stools. This is known as IBS-C (IBS with constipation).
- Alternating Bowel Habits – Some individuals may experience diarrhoea and constipation, with their bowel habits alternating between them. This is referred to as IBS-M (IBS with mixed symptoms).
- Changes in Stool Appearance – Stool consistency and appearance may vary, ranging from loose and watery to hard and lumpy.
How Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing IBS involves thoroughly evaluating the patient’s medical history, physical examination and ruling out other worrisome gastrointestinal disorders if required. The Rome criteria, a set of established guidelines, are often used to diagnose IBS based on the presence and duration of specific symptoms. Doctors will tailor the need to perform blood tests, stool tests, radiological studies or endoscopies based on the individual patient.
Can Irritable Bowel Syndrome be Prevented?
Since the exact cause of IBS is unknown, there are no foolproof methods to prevent its development. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing stress levels, and identifying and avoiding trigger foods can reduce the frequency and severity of IBS symptoms. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active, and seeking support for psychological well-being are also crucial in managing IBS.
Are There Any Diets That Can Help with Irritable Bowel Symptoms?
Trial of gluten avoidance can be attempted to see if the IBS symptoms improves. Some people with IBS have more symptoms after gluten ingestion although they do not have Celiac disease.
A low FODMAP diet to reduce or avoid certain food that contain hard to digest carbohydrates under the supervision of a dietician has been shown to help with symptoms.
What Are the Medications for Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
IBS has no cure, but medications can help manage its symptoms. Over-the-counter options like antispasmodics and laxatives can relieve cramps and constipation, respectively. Prescription medications, such as certain antidepressants and medications targeting the gut, may be prescribed for severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective.
What Are the Tips and Precautions if Living with Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Living with IBS involves making certain adjustments to minimise discomfort and improve overall well-being. Keeping a food diary to identify trigger foods, eating smaller and more frequent meals, staying hydrated, and incorporating stress-reduction techniques like exercise, meditation, or counselling can help manage IBS symptoms. It is essential to work closely with healthcare professionals to find an individualised management plan that works best for each person’s unique needs.
