What Is Colorectal Polyps?
Colorectal polyps are abnormal growths that develop in the lining of the colon or rectum. These growths are quite common, and while most are harmless, some can potentially lead to colorectal cancer if left untreated.
What Causes Colorectal Polyps?
The exact cause of colorectal polyps is not fully understood, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing them. These include age, family history of polyps or colorectal cancer, a diet high in red or processed meats, smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. People with diabetes and inflammatory conditions of the colon, such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are at increased risk of developing colorectal polyps. Regular screening is crucial to detect and prevent these growths from progressing to cancer.
What Are the Symptoms of Colorectal Polyps?
Colorectal polyps often do NOT cause noticeable symptoms, especially early. However, as they grow larger or become more advanced, some individuals may experience the following symptoms:
- Changes in Bowel Habits – Persistent changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or alternating between the two, may occur.
- Rectal Bleeding – Blood in the stool or visible bleeding from the rectum can be a sign of colorectal polyps. The blood may appear bright red or darker in colour.
- Abdominal Discomfort – Some people with colorectal polyps may experience abdominal pain, cramps, or a feeling of bloating.
- Anaemia – Chronic or slow bleeding from polyps can lead to iron deficiency anaemia, resulting in weakness, fatigue, and pale skin.
How Are Colorectal Polyps Diagnosed?
Colorectal polyps are usually detected through routine screening tests such as colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or CT colonography. During a colonoscopy, a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to visualise and identify polyps. The polyps can be biopsied or removed at the time of the colonoscopy to determine if the polyp is precancerous or benign.
What Are the Complications of Colorectal Polyps?
Some colorectal polyps can progress to colorectal cancer if left untreated. However, not all polyps develop into cancer, and the risk varies depending on the type, size, and number of polyps present. Some key complications associated with colorectal polyps include:
- Colorectal Cancer – If left untreated, certain types of colorectal polyps, particularly adenomatous polyps, can transform into colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a serious and life-threatening condition, so early detection and removal of precancerous polyps are crucial.
- Bleeding and Anaemia – Larger polyps or those located in sensitive areas of the colon or rectum can bleed over time. Chronic or significant bleeding may lead to anaemia, a condition characterised by a low red blood cell count, causing weakness, fatigue, and other symptoms.
- Intestinal Obstruction and Intussusception– In rare cases, particularly with large polyps or multiple polyps clustered together, there is a risk of the polyps causing a blockage in the intestine, leading to bowel obstruction. This can result in severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and an inability to pass stool or gas. This is a surgical emergency.
Can Colorectal Polyps be Prevented?
While it is not always possible to prevent colorectal polyps, certain lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk of their development. These include adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and getting regular screenings as recommended by healthcare professionals.
What Are the Surgical Interventions for Colorectal Polyps?
The main treatment for colorectal polyps involves their removal during a colonoscopy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if the polyps are too large, multiple, or precancerous. Surgery may involve removing a portion of the colon or rectum and is reserved for more severe cases.
What Are the Tips and Precautions if Living with Colorectal Polyps?
If you have been diagnosed with colorectal polyps, following your doctor’s recommendations for regular screenings and surveillance is crucial. Adopting a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption are important for overall colorectal health. Open communication with your healthcare team and adherence to their advice can help manage and prevent potential complications.
