What Is Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
Stomach or peptic ulcers are wounds that develop in the stomach’s protective lining or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). These ulcers are usually caused by the erosion of the protective layer of the stomach, allowing stomach acid to come into direct contact with the delicate tissues underneath. This contact can lead to discomfort, pain, irritation, and inflammation resulting in serious complications if left untreated.
What Causes Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
The primary cause of stomach ulcers is often the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium weakens the stomach’s protective lining and makes it more susceptible to damage from stomach acid. Another common cause is the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin or ibuprofen, which can irritate and erode the stomach lining.
What Are the Symptoms of Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
The symptoms of a stomach ulcer can vary from person to person. Common symptoms include:
- Burning Sensation – A burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, often between meals or during the night.
- Abdominal Pain – Dull, aching pain that may come and go, typically felt between the breastbone and the navel.
- Bloating and Fullness – Feeling bloated or excessively full, even after eating small amounts of food.
- Nausea and Vomiting – Some individuals may experience nausea, and in some cases, vomiting may occur.
- Unintended Weight Loss – Persistent stomach pain and discomfort can lead to a decreased appetite and unintended weight loss.
- Dark or Bloody Stools – In some cases, a stomach ulcer can cause bleeding, leading to dark, tarry stools (melena) or blood in the stool.
- Vomiting Blood – Severe ulcers may result in the vomiting of blood, which appears bright red or resembles coffee grounds.
- Feeling Faint or Dizzy – Bleeding from an ulcer can lead to anaemia, causing weakness, dizziness, and paleness.
How Is Stomach or Peptic Ulcer Diagnosed?
To diagnose a stomach ulcer, doctors may perform various tests, including an endoscopy, where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the stomach to examine the ulcer closely. Additionally, a doctor may recommend a breath test, blood test, or stool test to check for the presence of H. pylori. These tests help determine the appropriate treatment needed.
What Are the Complications of Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
If left untreated stomach ulcers can lead to several complications that can be serious and even life-threatening. Some of the complications of stomach ulcers include:
- Bleeding – A stomach ulcer can erode into blood vessels, leading to internal bleeding. This can result in blood in the stool (melena) or vomiting of blood which can be bright red or coffee grounds in color.
- Perforation – Sometimes, a stomach ulcer can create a hole or perforation in the stomach wall or the small intestine’s upper part (duodenum). This allows stomach contents to leak into the abdominal cavity, leading to a medical emergency that requires immediate surgery.
- Obstruction – Large or long-standing ulcer can cause inflammation and swelling that may obstruct the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine. This can result in persistent vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain.
- Anaemia – Chronic bleeding from a stomach ulcer can lead to anaemia, a condition characterised by a low red blood cell count. Anaemia can cause weakness, fatigue, and paleness.
- Increased Risk of Stomach Cancer – In some cases, long-term infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer over time.
Can Stomach or Peptic Ulcer Be Prevented?
While preventing all stomach ulcers may not be possible, some steps can reduce the risk. Avoiding prolonged use of NSAIDs, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy diet can help. Additionally, treating H. pylori infection promptly can significantly lower the chances of developing ulcers.
What Are the Medications for Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
Medications play a crucial role in treating stomach ulcers. Doctors may prescribe proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid production and promote healing. They may also recommend antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection if present. Antacids can provide temporary relief by neutralising stomach acid and reducing discomfort.
What Are the Tips and Precautions if Living with Stomach or Peptic Ulcer?
If you’re living with a stomach ulcer, following your doctor’s advice and taking prescribed medications regularly is essential. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as they can worsen the condition. Maintaining a balanced diet with foods that don’t trigger symptoms and managing stress levels can also help manage the condition effectively.
