What are Liver Function Tests?
Liver function tests are commonly ordered as part of routine check-ups, to assess liver health, or to monitor known liver conditions. Common liver function tests include:
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
- Bilirubin
- Albumin
- Total Protein
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Abnormal results in liver function tests may indicate various liver disorders, such as hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or drug-induced liver injury.
However, abnormal liver function tests do not diagnose a specific condition; further tests and evaluations are needed to determine the underlying cause of the abnormalities. If you receive abnormal liver function test results, following up with your doctor for proper evaluation and appropriate management is important.
What Are the Common Causes of Abnormal Liver Function?
Abnormal liver function can be caused by various factors, ranging from mild and reversible conditions to more severe and chronic diseases. Some of the common causes include:
- Viral Hepatitis – This is when a virus cause inflammation of the liver. In Singapore and the Asia Pacific region, Hepatitis B infection and it chronic sequelae represents a major health problem.
- Fatty Liver Disease – Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs when an excessive accumulation of fat is deposited in the liver not related to alcohol consumption. This is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, or diabetes.
- Medications – Certain medications, such as acetaminophen overdose, antibiotics, statins, and certain anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause drug-induced liver injury, leading to abnormal liver function.
- Liver Cirrhosis – Liver cirrhosis results from long-term liver injury resulting in scar tissue development. Chronic alcohol abuse, chronic viral hepatitis, and other liver diseases can progress to cirrhosis resulting in abnormal liver function.
- Biliary Disorders – Conditions affecting the bile ducts, such as gallstones, biliary obstruction, or cholecystitis, can disrupt bile flow and cause abnormal liver function.
- Liver Cancer – Primary liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or secondary liver cancer that has spread from other organs to the liver can result in abnormal liver function.
- Autoimmune Hepatitis – In autoimmune hepatitis, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, causing inflammation and abnormal liver function.
- Hemochromatosis – This genetic condition results in the excess accumulation of iron in the liver and other organs leading to liver injury and abnormal liver function.
- Wilson’s Disease – This genetic disorder results in the body’s inability to properly metabolise copper leading to the accumulation of copper in the liver and other organs thereby causing liver injury and abnormal liver function.
What Are the Symptoms and Signs to Watch Out For?
With the liver, it’s important to notice certain symptoms and signs that may indicate potential issues. If you experience any of the following, it’s essential to seek medical attention for proper evaluation and diagnosis:
- Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes is one of the most noticeable signs of liver dysfunction. It occurs due to the buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment when the liver cannot process it effectively.
- Abdominal Pain and Swelling – Pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen, where the liver is located, may indicate liver inflammation or enlargement. In some cases, there may also be abdominal swelling due to fluid retention (ascites).
- Dark Urine – If your urine appears darker than usual, it could indicate the presence of bilirubin in the urine, a sign of liver dysfunction.
- Pale Stools – Pale or greyish pools suggest a lack of bile reaching the intestines due to liver or bile duct problems.
- Itchy Skin – Experiencing persistent itching without apparent cause might be related to liver problems, as bile salts can accumulate in the skin when the liver cannot process them.
- Unexplained Weight Loss – Sudden and unintended weight loss may occur due to liver issues affecting nutrient absorption and metabolism.
- Easy Bruising and Bleeding – A poorly functioning liver can lead to a decreased production of clotting factors, resulting in easy bruising or prolonged bleeding from minor injuries.
- Changes in Mental Function – Liver dysfunction can lead to hepatic encephalopathy, which causes confusion, forgetfulness, and difficulty concentrating.
Preventive Measures for Liver Health
Taking proactive steps can help keep your liver healthy. Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, limit alcohol intake, and avoid risky behaviours. It’s also essential to stay up to date on vaccinations for hepatitis and other preventable liver infections.
Abnormal liver function test results are a warning sign that should not be ignored. Understanding the potential causes and taking preventive measures can protect your liver and overall health. Always consult with your doctor for proper evaluation and personalised advice.
