What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. The virus attacks the liver cells, leading to inflammation and potential damage. It can vary in severity, with some cases being mild and others becoming chronic. Understanding this condition is crucial for prevention, diagnosis, and management.
How is Hepatitis B Acquired?
Hepatitis B spreads through contact with an infected person’s blood or bodily fluids. This can occur during unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.
What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis B?
The symptoms of hepatitis B may not always be present, especially during the early stages of the infection. Some people may have mild symptoms, while others may experience more severe manifestations. Common symptoms of hepatitis B include:
- Fatigue – Feeling excessively tired and lacking energy is a common early symptom of hepatitis B.
- Jaundice – Jaundice causes skin yellowing and the eyes’ whites. It occurs due to the buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment, in the body when the liver cannot process it effectively.
- Abdominal Pain – Some individuals with hepatitis B may experience discomfort or pain in the upper right side of the abdomen.
- Loss of Appetite – Hepatitis B can cause a reduced desire to eat, leading to a loss of appetite.
- Nausea and Vomiting – Feeling nauseous and occasionally vomiting may occur, particularly in the early stages of the infection.
- Dark Urine – The urine may appear dark-coloured, similar to tea or cola, which results from excreted bilirubin in the urine.
- Joint Pain – Some individuals may experience joint pain or soreness as a symptom of hepatitis B.
- Fever – Mild to moderate fever may be present in acute hepatitis B infections.
How Is Hepatitis B Diagnosed?
Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect specific virus markers. Timely diagnosis is essential for appropriate medical management.
What Are the Complications of Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B can lead to various complications, particularly if the infection becomes chronic (lasting for more than six months). These complications can be serious and have long-term effects on the liver and overall health. Some of the common complications of hepatitis B include:
- Chronic Hepatitis – If the immune system cannot clear the hepatitis B virus from the body within six months, the infection becomes chronic. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to ongoing liver inflammation, which may progress to liver damage over time.
- Liver Cirrhosis – Cirrhosis is when the liver becomes severely scarred and its normal structure is replaced by non-functioning scar tissue. Chronic hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis, which can eventually lead to liver failure.
- Liver Failure – In severe cases, chronic hepatitis B can lead to liver failure, where the liver loses its ability to function adequately. Liver failure is a life-threatening condition and may require a liver transplant for survival.
- Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) – People with chronic hepatitis B have an increased risk of developing liver cancer, especially if cirrhosis exists. Liver cancer is a serious complication that requires immediate medical attention.
- Extrahepatic Manifestations – Hepatitis B can cause health problems outside the liver such as skin rashes, joint pain, kidney problems, and blood vessel inflammation.
Can Hepatitis B be Prevented?
Yes, hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and highly effective. It is usually given as a series of shots, providing long-term protection against the virus. Additionally, practising safe sex and avoiding sharing needles are essential in preventing transmission.
What Are the Medications for Hepatitis B?
Antiviral medications are commonly used to treat chronic hepatitis B. These drugs help slow down the replication of the virus in the liver, reduce liver inflammation, and lower the risk of complications. Treatment plans may vary based on the severity and stage of the infection.
What Are the Tips and Precautions if Living with Hepatitis B?
If you have hepatitis B, taking precautions to protect your liver and prevent spreading the virus to others is crucial. Avoid alcohol and certain medications that can harm the liver. Inform your doctor about your condition before any medical procedures, and practice safe sex and hygiene to prevent transmission. Regular check-ups and adherence to prescribed medications are essential for managing the condition effectively.
